Cooled busbars and plate

ABSTRACT

A rechargeable battery system, a battery pack, and methods of manufacturing the same are disclosed herein. The rechargeable battery system and/or battery pack can be for an electric vehicle. The rechargeable battery system and/or battery pack can include a plurality of battery cells arranged into one or more rows, a busbar, and a housing. The housing can include a plurality of receptacles that can engage with the plurality of battery cells to secure a relative position of the plurality of battery cells with respect to each other. The housing can define a cooling duct in thermal connection with the plurality of receptacles.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a nonprovisional of and claims priority toU.S. Provisional Application No. 62/384,298, filed Sep. 7, 2016, theentire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference for allpurposes.

BACKGROUND

An electric vehicle uses one or more electric motors powered byelectrical energy stored in a rechargeable battery pack. Lithium-basedbatteries are often chosen for their high power and energy density. Inorder to ensure that an electric vehicle operates efficiently andsafely, the temperature of the battery pack must be maintained within adefined range of optimal temperatures. The coolant system of electricvehicle can be physically extended to the battery pack to remove excessheat, thereby increasing the service life of the battery pack andincreasing the distance that can be traveled on a single charge.

As the popularity of electric vehicles increases, efficiency in themanufacturing process will become more important. Processes and devicesthat decrease the cost of manufacturing battery packs whilesimultaneously increasing their reliability and safety will be key tomeeting customer demands. Specifically, there is a need for processesand devices that ensure reliable electrical connections betweenindividual battery cells, that efficiently cool the battery pack, andthat aid in the manufacturing process of assembling the thousands ofindividual battery cells into modular packs that can be installed andreplaced when necessary.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Aspects of the present disclosure relate to battery packs and methods ofmaking and/or manufacturing the battery packs, and some aspects of thepresent disclosure relate to housing for receiving one or severalbattery and/or battery cells, and specifically to housings containing anintegral cooling duct.

One aspect of the present disclosure relates to a battery pack for anelectric vehicle. The battery pack can include a plurality of batterycells arranged into one or more rows. In some embodiments, each of theplurality of battery cells can include a first terminal and a secondterminal; each of the plurality of battery cells comprises a first endand a second end. The battery pack can include a busbar extending overthe first ends of the plurality of battery cells, the busbar can conductelectrical energy to and from at least the subset of battery cells, andthe busbar connecting to the first terminals and the second terminals ofthe plurality of battery cells. In some embodiments, the busbar definesa busbar cooling duct having an entrance and an exit. In someembodiments, the busbar cooling duct is in thermal connection with aplurality of contacts of the busbar. The battery pack can include ahousing including a plurality of receptacles that can engage with theplurality of battery cells to secure a relative position of theplurality of battery cells with respect to each other. In someembodiments, the housing defines a cooling duct in thermal connectionwith the plurality of receptacles.

In some embodiments, the busbar can include a first busbar layer thatcan conduct electrical energy to and from a first subset of batterycells and a second busbar layer that can conduct electrical energy toand from a second subset of battery cells. In some embodiments, thefirst layer is electrically insulated from the second busbar. In someembodiments, the busbar includes a top and a bottom. The busbar coolingduct can include a top and a bottom. In some embodiments, the busbarcooling duct includes a first cooling duct directly cooping the firstbusbar layer and a second cooling duct directly cooling the secondbusbar layer. In some embodiments, the busbar and the housing cansimultaneously cool the first and second terminals of the battery cellsin the battery packet.

In some embodiments, the first busbar layer can alternatingly connect tothe first and second terminals of battery cells. In some embodiments,the first busbar layer can include a first conductive material, and thesecond busbar includes a second conductive material. In someembodiments, the first busbar layer is separated from the second busbarlayer by an insulative layer. In some embodiments, the first and secondmaterials are the same material.

In some embodiments, the housing includes an entrance and an exitfluidly connected to the housing cooling duct. In some embodiments, thebattery pack further includes a heat exchanger fluidly connected to atleast one of the entrance and the exit of the housing cooling duct. Insome embodiments, the battery pack further includes a cooling fluidcontained within the heat exchanger, the busbar cooling duct, and thehousing cooling duct.

One aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method ofmanufacturing a battery pack for an electric vehicle. The methodincludes arranging a plurality of battery cells into one or more rows.In some embodiments, each of the plurality of battery cells includes afirst terminal and a second terminal; and each of the plurality ofbattery cells includes a first end and a second end. In someembodiments, the method includes positioning a busbar that can conductelectrical energy to and from plurality battery cells over the firstends of the plurality of battery cells. In some embodiments, the busbardefines a busbar cooling duct thermally connected with a plurality ofcontacts of the busbar. The method includes receiving the plurality ofbattery cells within a plurality of receptacles of a housing. In someembodiments, the receptacles can engage with the plurality of batterycells to secure a relative position of the plurality of battery cellswith respect to each other. In some embodiments, the housing defines ahousing cooling duct in thermal connection with the plurality ofreceptacles.

In some embodiments, the busbar can include a first busbar layer thatcan conduct electrical energy to and from a first subset of batterycells and a second busbar layer that can conduct electrical energy toand from a second subset of battery cells. In some embodiments, thefirst busbar layer is electrically insulated from the second busbarlayer. In some embodiments, the busbar includes a top and a bottom, andthe busbar cooling duct includes a first cooling duct directly coolingthe first busbar layer and a second cooling duct directly cooling thesecond busbar layer.

In some embodiments, the busbar and the housing can simultaneously coolthe first and second terminals of the battery cells in the battery pack.In some embodiments, the housing includes an entrance and an exitfluidly connected to the housing cooling duct. In some embodiments, themethod includes fluidly connecting the entrance and exit of the housingcooling duct to a heat exchanger. In some embodiments, the battery packfurther includes a heat exchanger fluidly connected to at least one ofthe entrance and the exit of the housing cooling duct. In someembodiments, the heat exchanger is fluidly connected to at least one ofthe entrance and the exit of the busbar cooling duct. In someembodiments, the method includes filing the heat exchanger, the busbarcooling duct, and the housing cooling duct with a cooling fluid. In someembodiments, the cooling fluid includes a refrigerant.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A further understanding of the nature and advantages of the presentinvention may be realized by reference to the remaining portions of thespecification and the drawings, wherein like reference numerals are usedthroughout the several drawings to refer to similar components. In someinstances, a sub-label is associated with a reference numeral to denoteone of multiple similar components. When reference is made to areference numeral without specification to an existing sub-label, it isintended to refer to all such multiple similar components.

FIG. 1 illustrates a simplified diagram of an electric vehicle with arechargeable battery system, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 2 illustrates a lithium-based battery that may be used in electricvehicles, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 3 is a top view of one embodiment of a busbar.

FIG. 4 is a perspective section view of one embodiment of a busbarconnecting to a plurality of battery cells.

FIG. 5 is a top view of one embodiment of a bottom tray.

FIG. 6 is a section view of one embodiment of part of a rechargeablebattery system including a bottom tray.

FIGS. 7 and 8 depict one embodiment of a process for manufacturing abattery pack for an electric vehicle.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Described herein are embodiments for providing a battery pack comprisinga combined integrated busbar and cooling plate system. The battery packcan include a busbar having an integral busbar cooling duct. Theintegral busbar can be positioned over first ends of the battery cellsin the battery pack and can be electrically connected to positive andnegative terminals of the battery cells. The cooling plate system canconnect to second ends of the battery cells in the battery pack. Boththe integral busbar and the cooling place system can include coolingducts that define a volume through which a cooling fluid such as, forexample, a refrigerant can flow. The cooling fluid can be liquid,gaseous, or a combination of liquid and gaseous.

In some embodiments, the busbar and/or the cooling plate system can befluidly connect to a cooling system that can include, for example, aheat exchanger. In some embodiments, the cooling system and/or the heatexchanger can be a part of the battery pack and/or can be separate fromthe battery pack.

FIG. 1 illustrates a simplified diagram 100 of an electric vehicle 102with a rechargeable battery system 104, according to some embodiments.The rechargeable battery system 104 may be comprised of one or morebattery packs 106. A battery pack may be comprised of a plurality ofindividual battery cells that are electrically connected to provide aparticular voltage/current to the electric vehicle 102. In someembodiments, the battery cells forming the battery pack can be arrangedin one or several rows of battery cells. Depending on the embodiment,the electric vehicle 102 may include hybrid vehicles that operate usingboth fuel combustion and stored electric power, as well as fullyelectric vehicles that operate entirely from stored electric power.

The rechargeable battery system 104 represents a major component of theelectric vehicle 102 in terms of size, weight, and cost. A great deal ofeffort goes into the design and shape of the rechargeable battery system104 in order to minimize the amount of space used in the electricvehicle 102 while ensuring the safety of its passengers. In someelectric vehicles, the rechargeable battery system 104 is located underthe floor of the passenger compartment as depicted in FIG. 1. In otherelectric vehicles, the rechargeable battery system 104 can be located inthe trunk or in the hood areas of the electric vehicle.

While a smaller number of larger battery cells could be moreenergy-efficient, the size and cost of of these larger batteries areprohibitive. Furthermore, larger batteries require more contiguousblocks of space in the electric vehicle 102. This prevents largerbatteries from being stored in locations such as the floor of thepassenger compartment as depicted in FIG. 1. Therefore, some embodimentsuse a large number of smaller battery cells that are coupled together togenerate electrical characteristics that are equivalent to single largercells. The smaller cells may be, for example, the size of traditionalAA/AAA batteries, and may be grouped together to form a plurality ofbattery packs 106. Each battery pack may include a large number ofindividual battery cells. In one embodiment, 700 individual lithium-ionbatteries are joined together to form a single battery pack 106 a, andthe rechargeable battery system 104 may include four battery packs 106,eight battery packs, ten battery packs, sixteen battery packs, and/orthe like, connected in parallel or series until the electricalrequirements of the electric vehicle 102 are satisfied. The individualbattery cells included in each battery pack 106 may total in thethousands for a single electric vehicle 102.

In some embodiments, the rechargeable battery system 104, andspecifically one or several of the battery packs 106 can be connected toa heat exchanger 108 that can be a part of a cooling system 110. In someembodiments, the cooling system 110 can be part of the rechargeablebattery system 104 and in some embodiments, the cooling system 110 canbe separate from the rechargeable battery system 104. The cooling system110 can include connecting lines 112 that can fluidly connect the heatexchanger 108 to one or several of the battery packs 106. The connectinglines 112 can include an inlet line 114 and an outlet line 116. Theinlet line 114 can transport a cooling fluid, such as a refrigerant tothe rechargeable battery system 104 and/or to one or several batterypacks 106. In some embodiments, the cooling fluid can be contained inthe cooling system 110, in the rechargeable battery system 104, and/orin one or several battery packs 106.

FIG. 2 illustrates a diagram 200 of a lithium-based battery 202 that maybe used in electric vehicles, according to some embodiments. As usedherein, the terms “battery”, “cell”, and “battery cell” may be usedinterchangeably to refer to any type of individual battery element usedin a battery system. The batteries described herein typically includelithium-based batteries, but may also include various chemistries andconfigurations including iron phosphate, metal oxide, lithium-ionpolymer, nickel metal hydride, nickel cadmium, nickel-based batteries(hydrogen, zinc, cadmium, etc.), and any other battery type compatiblewith an electric vehicle. For example, some embodiments may use the 6831NCR 18650 battery cell from Panasonic®, or some variation on the 18650form-factor of 6.5 cm×1.8 cm and approximately 45 g. The battery 202includes a first end 201, also referred to herein as the top, and asecond end 203, also referred to herein as the bottom, and may have atleast two terminals. In some embodiments, a positive terminal 204 may belocated at the top of the battery 202, and a negative terminal 206 maybe located on the opposite bottom side of the battery 202.

In some embodiments, some or all of the battery cells forming a batterypack 106 can be oriented in the same direction. In other words, thepositive terminal of each of the individual battery cells faces in anupward direction relative to the battery pack, and each of the negativeterminals faces in a downward direction. In other embodiments, this neednot be the case. Alternating rows of individual battery cells may beoriented in opposite direction such that the positive terminal of afirst row is oriented in the up direction and the positive terminal of asecond row is oriented in the downward direction. The orientationpattern for individual battery cells may vary without limitation. Forexample, every other battery cell in a row be oriented in oppositedirections. In some embodiments, one half of the battery pack may havebattery cells oriented in one direction, while the other half of thebattery pack has cells oriented in the opposite direction. In any ofthese cases, connections may need to be established between batteriesoriented in opposite directions or between batteries oriented in thesame direction.

In order to make electrical connections between battery cells, a busbarmay be used. As used herein, the term “busbar” refers to any metallicconductor that is connected to a plurality of individual battery cellterminals in order to transmit power from the individual battery cellsto the electrical system of the electric vehicle. In some embodiments,the busbar may comprise a flat metallic sheet that is positioned on thetop or the bottom of the battery pack. In some embodiments, the metallicsheet may cover an entire top or bottom of the battery pack, while inother embodiments, the busbar may comprise a strip that is longer thanit is wide to interface with a single row of battery cells.

FIG. 3 is a top-view of one embodiment of an exemplary busbar 300. Thebusbar 300 can comprise a variety of shapes and sizes and can be madefrom a variety of materials. In some embodiments, the busbar 300 can bemade from one or several materials that can be arranged in one orseveral layers. In some embodiments, one or several of these layersand/or one or several of the plurality of materials can be conductive.

The busbar 300 can include a plurality of contacts 302. The plurality ofcontacts 302 can be configured to electrically connect one or severalportions and/or layers of the busbar 300 with one or several batterycells, and specifically to the terminals of one or several batterycells. In some embodiments, one or several of the plurality of contacts302 can be electrically connected with one or several conductive layersof the busbar 300 and/or with one or several conductive materialsforming the busbar 300. In some embodiments, some or all of the contacts302 can be recessed into the busbar 300 to receive a portion of thebattery cell with which the contact 302 electrically connects.

The busbar 300 can further include a busbar cooling duct 304. The busbarcooling duct 304 can define a volume that can contain all or portions ofthe cooling fluid including the refrigerant. Thus, in some embodiments,the cooling fluid and/or refrigerant can be contained with the coolingsystem 110 which can include the heat exchanger 108, and/or the busbarcooling duct 304. The busbar cooling duct 304 can be in thermalconnection with all or portions of the busbar 300 including, for examplesome or all of the plurality of contacts forming the busbar 300.

The busbar cooling duct 304 can include an inlet 306, also referred toherein as an entrance 306, and an outlet 308, also referred to herein asan exit 308. The busbar cooling duct 304 can fluidly connect the inlet306 and the outlet 308 such that the cooling fluid can flow into thebusbar cooling duct 304 via the inlet 306 and can flow out of the busbarcooling duct 304 via the outlet 308.

The busbar cooling duct 304 can comprise a variety of shapes and sizes.In some embodiments, the size and/or shape of the busbar cooling duct304 can be selected based on the cooling desired for the busbar 300.Thus, in embodiments in which greater cooling is desired, the busbar 300can be sized and/or shaped to allow the through-flow of greater volumesof cooling fluid and/or can be sized and/or shaped to transport coolingfluid proximate to greater portions of the busbar 300. In someembodiments, the busbar cooling duct 304 can linearly extend from theentrance 306 to the exit 308, and in some embodiments, the busbarcooling duct 304 can non-linearly extend from the entrance 306 to theexit 308. In some embodiments, for example, the busbar cooling duct 304can be serpentine and/or serpentine shaped between the entrance 306 andthe exit 308 as is depicted in FIG. 3.

FIG. 4 is a perspective section view of one embodiment of a busbar 300connecting to a plurality of battery cells 400 that can be, for example,lithium-based batteries 202. As seen in FIG. 4, the battery cells 400connect to the busbar 300 at contacts 302 such that the battery cells400 are electrically connected with all or portions of the busbar 300.

The busbar 300 comprises a bottom 402 and a top 404. As seen in FIG. 4,the busbar cooling duct 304 can be located along one or both of thebottom 402 and the top 404 of the busbar 300.

The busbar 300 can further comprise a plurality of layers 406. Theselayers 406 can include, for example, outer layers 408 including atop-outer layer 408-A and a bottom-outer layer 408-B, and intermediatelayers 410 including a top-intermediate layer 410-A, amiddle-intermediate layer 410-B, and a bottom-intermediate layer 410-C.In some embodiments, one or more of the intermediate layers 410 such as,for example, the top-intermediate layer 410-A and/or thebottom-intermediate layer 410-C can be conducted and/or be made of aconductive material.

In some embodiments, for example, each of the top-intermediate layer410-A and the bottom-intermediate layer 410-C can be electricallyconductive and the middle-intermediate layer 410-B can be an insulatorbetween the top-intermediate layer 410-A and the bottom-intermediatelayer 410-C to prevent electrical current from passing from one of thetop-intermediate layer 410-A and the bottom-intermediate layer 410-C tothe other of the top-intermediate layer 410-A and thebottom-intermediate layer 410-C. In some embodiments, thetop-intermediate layer 410-A can be configured to conduct electricalenergy to and/or from a first subset of battery cells, and thebottom-intermediate layer 410-C can be configured to conduct electricalenergy to and/or from a second subset of battery cells. In someembodiments, the top-intermediate layer 410-A can be connected to oneof: the first terminals 204 of the battery cells 400 or to the secondterminals 206 of the battery cells 400, and the bottom-intermediatelayer 410-C can be connected to the other of the first terminals 204 ofthe battery cells 400 or to the second terminals 206 of the batterycells 400 such that the battery cells 400 are connected in parallel.Alternatively, in some embodiments, the top-intermediate layer 410-A canbe alternatingly connected to one or several of the first terminals 204of the battery cells 400 and to one or several of the second terminals206 of the battery cells 400, and the bottom-intermediate layer 410-Ccan be alternatingly connected to one or several of the second terminals206 of the battery cells 400 and to one or several the of the firstterminals 204 of the battery cells 400 such that the battery cells 400are connected in series.

In some embodiments, the busbar cooling duct 304 can be located betweenand/or formed or defined by two or more of the plurality of layers 406of the busbar 300. Specifically, and as shown in FIG. 4, the busbarcooling duct 304 can be located between and formed or defined by one orboth of the outer layers 408 and one or more of the intermediate layers410. In some embodiments, for example, the busbar cooling duct 304 cancomprise a first cooling duct 412 located along the top 404 of thebusbar 300 and a second cooling duct 414 located along the bottom 402 ofthe busbar 300. As further depicted in FIG. 4, the first cooling duct412 is located between and formed or defined by the top-outer layer408-A and the top-intermediate layer 410-A and the second cooling duct414 is located between and formed or defined by the bottom-outer layer408-B and the bottom-intermediate layer 410-C. In some embodiments, thefirst cooling duct 412 can thus provide direct cooling to the top-outerlayer 408-A and the top-intermediate layer 410-A and the second coolingduct 414 can provide direct cooling to the bottom-outer layer 408-B andthe bottom-intermediate layer 410-C.

FIG. 5 is a top-view of one embodiment of an exemplary bottom tray 500,also referred to herein as a bottom carrier 500, a bottom cell holder500, or a housing 500. The bottom tray 500 can comprise a variety ofshapes and sizes and can be made from a variety of materials. In someembodiments, the bottom tray 500 can be made from one or severalcorrosion resistant materials that can have one or several desired heattransfer properties. In some embodiments, the bottom tray 500 can bemade from a material that is electrically conductive, and in someembodiments, the bottom tray 500 can be made from a material that iselectrically non-conductive.

The bottom tray 500 can include a plurality of receptacles 502. Theplurality of receptacles 502 can comprise a variety of shapes and sizes.In some embodiments, the plurality of receptacles 502 can each comprisea cup or can be cup shaped. In some embodiments, each of the pluralityof receptacles 502 can define a volume that can be, for example,cylindrical such as, circular cylindrical, rectangular cylindrical,triangular cylindrical, or the like.

The plurality of receptacles 502 can be configured to receive and hold aportion a battery cell such as the lithium battery 202. Thus, in someembodiments in which the receptacles are configured to receive and holdthe lithium battery 202, the receptacles 502 can sized and shaped tosecurely receive one of the sides of the battery 202 such as, forexample, a bottom 203 of the battery 202 or a top 201 of the battery. Insome embodiments, the receptacles 502 can be configured to engage withthe plurality of battery cells to secure a relative position of theplurality of battery cells with respect to each other. In someembodiments, the receptacles 502 can be sized so as to contact portionsof the battery cell such as the lithium battery 202 when the batterycell is received with in the receptacle to facilitate heat transfer fromthe battery cell to the bottom tray 500.

The bottom tray 500 can include an inlet 506, also referred to herein asan entrance 506, and an outlet 508, also referred to herein as an exit508. The bottom tray 500 can include one or several interior channels,also referred to herein as one or several fluidic ducts or coolingducts, that can fluidly connect the inlet 506 and the outlet 508 suchthat the cooling fluid can flow into the bottom tray 500 via the inlet506 and can flow out of the bottom tray 500 via the outlet 508.

The one or several interior channels within the bottom tray 500 cancomprise a variety of shapes and sizes. In some embodiments, the one orseveral cooling ducts can be in thermal connection with the plurality ofreceptacles. In some embodiments, the size and/or shape of the coolingduct can be selected based on the cooling desired for the bottom tray500. Thus, in embodiments in which greater cooling is desired, thecooling duct can be sized and/or shaped to allow the through-flow ofgreater volumes of cooling fluid and/or can be sized and/or shaped totransport cooling fluid proximate to greater portions of the bottom tray500. In some embodiments, the cooling duct can linearly extend from theentrance 506 to the exit 508, and in some embodiments, the cooling ductcan non-linearly extend from the entrance 506 to the exit 508.

FIG. 6 is a perspective section view of one embodiment of therechargeable battery system 104 including the bottom tray 500 holding aplurality of battery cells 600 that can be, for example, lithium-basedbatteries 202. The battery tray 500 has a top 602 and a bottom 604. Asseen in FIG. 6, the receptacles 502 can be located in the top 602 of thebottom tray 500 and can extend towards the bottom 604 of the batterytray 500. As further seen in FIG. 6, the receptacles can comprise abottom 606 and a wall 608 that can be, in some embodiments, acircumferential wall 608. In some embodiments, and as seen in FIG. 6, aportion of the battery cells 600 extends into the receptacle 502 andabuts the bottom 606 and the wall 608 of the receptacle 502.

As seen in FIG. 6, the bottom tray 500 includes the cooling duct 610that can define a volume 612. The volume 612 and/or the cooling duct 610can extend from the entrance 506 to the exit 508 of the bottom tray 500.In some embodiments, the cooling duct 610 and/or the volume 612 canextend wholly or partially around some or all of the receptacles 502.

In some embodiments, the volume 612 can contain all or portions of thecooling fluid including the refrigerant. Thus, in some embodiments, thecooling fluid and/or refrigerant can be contained with the coolingsystem 110 which can include the heat exchanger 108, and/or the coolingduct 610 and/or the internal volume 612. In some embodiments, thecooling duct 610 and/or the volume 612 can sized, shaped, and/orconfigured to maintain a desired temperature, heat exchange, and/orcooling across all or portions of the bottom tray 500.

In some embodiments, the one or several battery cells 600 canadditionally contact a busbar 300. In some embodiments, the busbar 300can contact the one or several battery cells 600 at another portion ofthe battery cells 600 than contacted by the bottom tray 500. In someembodiments, the busbar 300 can be electrically conductive and canconnect some or all of the terminals of the battery cells 600.Specifically, as seen in FIG. 6, the busbar 300 can extend over the top201 of the battery cells 600 and the bottom tray 500 can extend acrossthe bottom 203 of the battery cells 600. In such an embodiment, thebusbar 300 can conduct electrical energy to an from the battery cells,and can specifically connect to some or all of the first terminals 204of the battery cells 600 and/or to some or all of the second terminals206 of the battery cells 600.

As seen in FIG. 6, the busbar 300 can include the busbar cooling duct304 that can include the first cooling duct 412 and second cooling duct414. In some embodiments, the busbar cooling duct 304 can, via theconnection of the battery cells 600 to the busbar 300 cool the batterycells 600, and specifically can cool the tops 201 of the battery cells600. In some embodiments, the housing 500 can, via the connection of thebattery cells 600 to the housing 500, cool the battery cells 600, andspecifically cool the bottoms 203 of the battery cells 600. Thus, insome embodiments, the battery cells 600 can be simultaneously cooled bythe busbar 300 and the housing 500.

FIGS. 7 and 8 depict one embodiment of a process for manufacturing abattery pack 106 for an electric vehicle. As depicted in FIG. 7, themethod includes arranging a plurality of battery cells into one or morerows. The second ends 203 of the battery are placed into receptacles 502of the housing 500, and in some embodiments, are received within thereceptacles 502 of the housing such that the second end 203 of eachbattery cell 400 is received within a receptacle 502 of the housing 500.In some embodiments, this containment of second end 203 of the batterycells 400 within the receptacles 502 of the housing 500 can secure arelative position of the battery cells 400 with respect to each other.

The method further includes positioning a busbar 300 over the first ends201 of the battery cells 400. The busbar 300 can be positioned so thatthe contacts 302 of the busbar 300 are in electrical connection withsome or all of the first and second terminals 204, 206 of the batterycells 300 in the battery pack 106. The method can further includefluiding connecting the entrance 506 and exit 508 of the housing 500and/or the cooling duct 610 of the housing 500 to the heat exchanger 108of the cooling system 110 via the connecting lines 112, and/orconnecting the entrance 306 and exit 308 of the busbar cooling duct 304to the heat exchanger 108 of the cooling system 110 via the connectinglines 112. The method can further include filling the cooling system110, the heat exchanger 108, the cooling lines 112, the cooling duct 304of the busbar 300, and/or the housing 500 of cooling duct 610 of thehousing 500 with coolant such as a refrigerant, and circulating thatcoolant to maintain a desired temperature.

It should be appreciated that the specific steps illustrated in FIG. 5provide particular methods of providing a rechargeable battery systemand/or a battery pack for an electric vehicle according to variousembodiments of the present invention. Other sequences of steps may alsobe performed according to alternative embodiments. For example,alternative embodiments of the present invention may perform the stepsoutlined above in a different order. Moreover, the individual stepsillustrated in FIG. 5 may include multiple sub-steps that may beperformed in various sequences as appropriate to the individual step.Furthermore, additional steps may be added or removed depending on theparticular applications. One of ordinary skill in the art wouldrecognize many variations, modifications, and alternatives.

In the foregoing description, for the purposes of explanation, numerousspecific details were set forth in order to provide a thoroughunderstanding of various embodiments of the present invention. It willbe apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that embodiments of thepresent invention may be practiced without some of these specificdetails. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shownin block diagram form.

The foregoing description provides exemplary embodiments only, and isnot intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of thedisclosure. Rather, the foregoing description of the exemplaryembodiments will provide those skilled in the art with an enablingdescription for implementing an exemplary embodiment. It should beunderstood that various changes may be made in the function andarrangement of elements without departing from the spirit and scope ofthe invention as set forth in the appended claims.

Specific details are given in the foregoing description to provide athorough understanding of the embodiments. However, it will beunderstood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the embodiments maybe practiced without these specific details. For example, circuits,systems, networks, processes, and other components may have been shownas components in block diagram form in order not to obscure theembodiments in unnecessary detail. In other instances, well-knowncircuits, processes, algorithms, structures, and techniques may havebeen shown without unnecessary detail in order to avoid obscuring theembodiments.

Also, it is noted that individual embodiments may have been described asa process which is depicted as a flowchart, a flow diagram, a data flowdiagram, a structure diagram, or a block diagram. Although a flowchartmay have described the operations as a sequential process, many of theoperations can be performed in parallel or concurrently. In addition,the order of the operations may be re-arranged. A process is terminatedwhen its operations are completed, but could have additional steps notincluded in a figure. A process may correspond to a method, a function,a procedure, a subroutine, a subprogram, etc. When a process correspondsto a function, its termination can correspond to a return of thefunction to the calling function or the main function.

In the foregoing specification, aspects of the invention are describedwith reference to specific embodiments thereof, but those skilled in theart will recognize that the invention is not limited thereto. Variousfeatures and aspects of the above-described invention may be usedindividually or jointly. Further, embodiments can be utilized in anynumber of environments and applications beyond those described hereinwithout departing from the broader spirit and scope of thespecification. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to beregarded as illustrative rather than restrictive.

What is claimed is:
 1. A battery pack for an electric vehicle, thebattery pack comprising: a plurality of battery cells arranged into oneor more rows, wherein: each of the plurality of battery cells comprisesa first terminal and a second terminal; and each of the plurality ofbattery cells comprises a first end and a second end; a busbar extendingover the first ends of the plurality of battery cells, the busbarconfigured to conduct electrical energy to and from the battery cells,wherein the busbar connects to the first terminals and the secondterminals of the plurality of battery cells, wherein the busbar definesa busbar cooling duct having an entrance and an exit, wherein the busbarcooling duct is in thermal connection with a plurality of contacts ofthe busbar; and a housing comprising a plurality of receptaclesconfigured to engage with the plurality of battery cells to secure arelative position of the plurality of battery cells with respect to eachother, wherein the housing defines a housing cooling duct in thermalconnection with the plurality of receptacles.
 2. The battery pack ofclaim 1, wherein the busbar comprises a first busbar layer configured toconduct electrical energy to and from a first subset of battery cellsand a second busbar layer configured to conduct electrical energy to andfrom a second subset of battery cells, and wherein the first busbarlayer is electrically insulated from the second busbar layer.
 3. Thebattery pack of claim 2, wherein the busbar comprises a top and abottom, and wherein the busbar cooling duct comprises a first coolingduct directly cooling the first busbar layer and a second cooling ductdirectly cooling the second busbar layer.
 4. The battery pack of claim3, wherein the busbar and the housing are configured to simultaneouslycool the first and second terminals of the battery cells in the batterypack.
 5. The battery pack of claim 2, wherein the first busbar layer isconfigured to alternatively connect to the first and second terminals ofbattery cells.
 6. The battery pack of claim 2, wherein the first busbarlayer comprises a first conductive material and wherein the secondbusbar layer comprises a second conductive material.
 7. The battery packof claim 4, wherein the first busbar layer is separated from the secondbusbar layer by an insulative layer.
 8. The battery pack of claim 1,wherein the first and second conductive materials are the same material.9. The battery pack of claim 1, wherein the housing comprises anentrance and an exit fluidly connected to the housing cooling duct. 10.The battery pack of claim 9, wherein the battery pack further comprisesa heat exchanger fluidly connected to at least one of the entrance andthe exit of the housing cooling duct, and wherein the heat exchanger isfluidly connected to at least one of the entrance and the exit of thebusbar cooling duct.
 11. The battery pack of claim 10, furthercomprising a cooling fluid contained within the heat exchanger, thebusbar cooling duct, and the housing cooling duct.
 12. A method ofmanufacturing a battery pack for an electric vehicle, the methodcomprising: arranging a plurality of battery cells into one or morerows, wherein: each of the plurality of battery cells comprises a firstterminal and a second terminal; and each of the plurality of batterycells comprises a first end and a second end; positioning a busbarconfigured to conduct electrical energy to and from plurality batterycells over the first ends of the plurality of battery cells, wherein thebusbar defines a busbar cooling duct thermally connected with aplurality of contacts of the busbar; and receiving the plurality ofbattery cells within a plurality of receptacles of a housing, whereinthe receptacles are configured to engage with the plurality of batterycells to secure a relative position of the plurality of battery cellswith respect to each other, wherein the housing defines a housingcooling duct in thermal connection with the plurality of receptacles.13. The method of claim 12, wherein the busbar comprises a first busbarlayer configured to conduct electrical energy to and from a first subsetof battery cells and a second busbar layer configured to conductelectrical energy to and from a second subset of battery cells, andwherein the first busbar layer is electrically insulated from the secondbusbar layer.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the busbar comprises atop and a bottom, and wherein the busbar cooling duct comprises a firstcooling duct directly cooling the first busbar layer and a secondcooling duct directly cooling the second busbar layer.
 15. The method ofclaim 14, wherein the busbar and the housing are configured tosimultaneously cool the first and second terminals of the battery cellsin the battery pack.
 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the housingcomprises an entrance and an exit fluidly connected to the housingcooling duct.
 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising fluidlyconnecting the entrance and exit of the housing cooling duct to a heatexchanger.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the battery pack furthercomprises a heat exchanger fluidly connected to at least one of theentrance and the exit of the housing cooling duct, and wherein the heatexchanger is fluidly connected to at least one of the entrance and theexit of the busbar cooling duct.
 19. The method of claim 18, furthercomprising filing the heat exchanger, the busbar cooling duct, and thehousing cooling duct with a cooling fluid.
 20. The method of claim 19,wherein the cooling fluid comprises a refrigerant.